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How to Build a Better Health-Care System

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(Washington Post, April 17, 2013)

By Tom Daschle, Bill Frist, Pete Domenici, and Alice Rivlin

Tom Daschle, a Democrat and former senator from South Dakota, was Senate majority leader from 2001 to 2003. Bill Frist, a Republican and former senator from Tennessee, was Senate majority leader from 2003 to 2007. Pete Domenici, a Republican and former senator from New Mexico, was chairman or ranking minority member of the Senate Budget Committee from 1981 to 2003. Alice Rivlin is a former director of the Congressional Budget Office. The four co-chair the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Health Care Cost Containment Initiative.

The four of us came together to change the conversation around how to improve health care and constrain cost growth. What we learned is that, until better care is prioritized over more care, our nation will continue to face a problem with health-care costs. The good news is that, through thoughtful policy, health-care practitioners can be encouraged through rewards to focus far more on what is best for their patients and less on the number of tests and procedures they can order. The even better news is that such a health-care vision can not only produce better care but also cost less.

With the Bipartisan Policy Center, we will release a report Thursday with more than 50 recommendations to achieve the critical goal of improving the quality and affordability of care for all Americans while containing high and rising health-care spending. This report is the culmination of nearly a year of work, including stakeholder outreach, thorough research and substantive analytics to quantify the impact of our proposed policies.

Too often we in Washington talk about health care as though it is little more than a line item on a budget table. Those of us who have experienced the best of health care know that is not how care should be delivered or policy crafted in this most personal of issues. Our country can achieve a higher-value health-care system — meaning both higher quality and greater efficiency.

Health-care cost drivers are complex and interwoven, but the most problematic ones we identified are the inefficiencies, misaligned incentives and fragmented care delivery in the current fee-for-service reimbursement system. To address these, we seek to promote coordinated and accountable systems of health-care delivery and payment, building on what has proved successful in the private and public sectors. Organized systems of care emphasize the value of care delivered over the volume of care. These systems are often better able to meet patients’ needs and desires and are able to effectively reimburse providers and practitioners for delivering high-quality care.

In all our proposals, we sought to avoid simple cost-shifting as a means to generate federal budgetary savings, instead promoting transparency and protecting patient choice. We also focused on reforms that will incite transformation across the health-care system, not limited to Medicare. We believe, however, that the power of Medicare can be leveraged to lead the way in transforming U.S. health care.

In brief, our recommendations:

●Preserve the promise of traditional Medicare while adding more choices and protections for beneficiaries, including accountable systems of care and a stronger, more competitive Medicare Advantage program.

●Strengthen and modernize the traditional Medicare benefit, including adding a catastrophic cap, rationalizing cost-sharing and premiums and expanding access to assistance programs for those with low incomes.

●Reform the tax treatment of health insurance to limit the taxfavored treatment of overly expensive insurance products.

●Empower patients by promoting transparency that is meaningful to consumers, families and businesses, and streamline quality reporting.

●Advance the nation’s understanding of potential cost savings from prevention programs, through support for research and innovation on effective strategies to address costly chronic conditions.

●Offer incentives to states to promote policies that will support a more organized, value-driven health-care delivery and payment system, such as supporting medical liability reform and strengthening their primary-care workforce.

All of these policies are designed to improve the quality and value of our nation’s health care. That is where every health-reform effort should start. The savings that we achieved — $560 billion over 10 years in debt and deficit reduction — is the outgrowth of our work, not the goal.

No single set of recommendations can fix the health-care system or the nation’s debt and deficit crisis overnight, but we hope this report can start a constructive, pragmatic dialogue among policymakers and political leaders. By presenting this report to federal, state and private-sector leaders, we hope to promote a collaborative dialogue and a shared understanding of strategies to put our nation’s health system, as well as its economic outlook, on a sounder, healthier and more sustainable path.

This article was originally published in the Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-build-a-better-health-care-system/2013/04/17/a44dd478-a6d1-11e2-8302-3c7e0ea97057_story.html

States’ Rare Chance to Expand Medicaid

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(Politico, April 11, 2013)

By Bill Frist

A proposal unveiled by Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam late last month leverages federal funds to purchase private coverage for new Medicaid eligibles in the state’s health insurance exchange. In recent weeks, Arkansas became the first state to embrace a similar plan. This market-based approach, known as “premium assistance,” has piqued the interest of GOP-led states across the country, including Ohio, Florida, Pennsylvania and Louisiana. While the Obama administration has been receptive to alternative Medicaid expansion plans, a shortlist of frequently asked questions released recently did not go far enough to entice states to expand.

Since the Supreme Court’s ruling last summer, states can opt out of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, which extends coverage to anyone earning below nearly $16,000 per year. If every state expanded, an additional 21 million Americans could be covered through the Medicaid program. However, as of today, only 27 governors support the Medicaid expansion; 19 are opposed; and another five remain undecided. Many of those opposed are from big GOP-led states like Texas, where the opt out alone leaves millions of Americans without access to affordable coverage.

Here’s why expanding coverage for low-income people through the purchase of private insurance — premium assistance — is a good thing and why the feds need to continue to show flexibility regarding states’ private options.

Coverage numbers will be the measure by which the Affordable Care Act’s success is judged. If states do not expand Medicaid, millions of Americans will be left with no options for affordable health insurance coverage, and federal health reform could prove a hollow victory for the Obama administration. As the Medicaid program stands today, not all low-income individuals qualify for coverage. For example, 42 states offer limited or no coverage options for poor childless adults. A decision not to expand Medicaid leaves glaring inequities in coverage that federal health reform was intended to eliminate. If the administration is serious about broadening coverage and saving the most fundamental promise of health reform, then it needs to embrace new private market options.

Flexibility will get holdout states on board with Medicaid expansion sooner. There is no deadline for states to decide on Medicaid expansion, but the richest match rate of 100 percent will be available only for the first three years. If every state expanded Medicaid, the federal government would finance almost 95 percent of expansion costs over the next 10 years — that means leveraging at least $12 in federal matching funds for every $1 in state funds spent on Medicaid. In addition, the federal Department of Health and Human Services has made it clear that states can opt out after three years, the point at which a state would need to add any matching dollars. It is obviously a better deal to expand sooner rather than later — but in order to get ideologically motivated governors to adopt an expansion, states will need a way to distance themselves from Obamacare and put their own stamp on the program.

Expansion of private coverage is a good thing. I’ve written about the value of health insurance exchanges before and why we should embrace an expansion of these new competitive marketplaces. Private coverage affords higher rates of reimbursement for providers and richer networks for beneficiaries, and competition among private plans will help drive down costs. If Medicaid pays the premiums of private health plans in the exchanges, low-income people will also have the opportunity to stay on one health plan even as their income fluctuates. This means that for the 7 million people projected to move between Medicaid eligibility to the exchange or vice versa, they will be able to maintain continuity of coverage and care.

But states also must take responsibility for the expansion decision, because having health insurance matters. Governors and state legislators must acknowledge the impact a coverage expansion will have in people’s lives. It is irrefutable that health insurance improves individuals’ health and well-being. The insured are more willing to access care and ultimately, have better health outcomes. The uninsured skip preventive care and then show up at an emergency room with severe, costly, late-stage symptoms that are harder and more expensive to treat. As a physician, I’ve seen it time and again.

Governors have a very real opportunity — and a rare one at that — to advocate for some of the program reforms they want to see in Medicaid while simultaneously expanding coverage to millions of Americans. Similarly, if the Obama administration wants to entice more states into broadening coverage, it needs to accept that premium assistance will continue to be a growing segment of the Medicaid program.

Bill Frist is a physician and the former Senate majority leader.

This article was originally featured in Politico http://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/states-rare-chance-to-expand-medicaid-89959.html

Changing the Way Physicians are Paid: Report of the National Commission on Physician Payment Reform

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(Health Affairs Blog, March 4, 2013)

By Bill Frist and Steven Schroeder

The loud cries warning that rising health care costs are going to destroy the nation’s economy have been shouted so often that the will to move firmly in any one direction has almost halted. We’ve all heard them: health care costs are unsustainable, excessive spending is fueling our nation’s debt, and despite high costs, health outcomes are behind much of the world and aren’t improving.

The way doctors are paid is one of the most significant drivers of escalating health care costs. The National Commission on Physician Payment Reform, which we chair, was formed by the Society of General Internal Medicine to provide the public and private sector with recommendations for transforming the way we pay doctors in order to rein in spending and improve quality.

On Monday, after a year of intensive study, the 14-member Commission issued a blueprint for exactly how to move the nation toward a physician payment system that will yield better results for payers and patients.

Addressing Physician Payment

Numerous proposals have been put on the table to stop the well-documented rise in health care expenditures. Recent plans have included raising the eligibility age for Medicare, turning to high deductible plans, reducing physician reimbursement, and limiting services available to those with coverage. Such proposals have escalated as calls to reduce the nation’s overall debt have dominated lawmakers’ agendas and the feared sequestration has gone into effect with cuts that directly impact the medical community.

But many of these ideas are short-sighted, making cuts that will yield savings now, but not keep costs from continuing their upward spiral or improve patient care. In fact, many of them could harm patients. Any effort to overhaul the current system must start by addressing the core structural problem: our physician payment system and its misaligned incentives.

The Commission calls for drastic changes to the current fee-for-service payment and urges a rapid transition to new payment models, shifting the US to a blended payment system that rewards value over volume.

Accelerating Adoption Of New Payment Models

Although the effectiveness of mechanisms such as bundled payments, financial risk sharing, pay for performance, and other experiments in reducing costs and improving quality are not yet proven, the Commission believes that the nation must move swiftly to adopt these promising models.

The Commissioners judged that five years would be an appropriate length of time to test these new models and incorporate them into increasing numbers of practices, with the goal of broad adoption by the end of the decade. A five-year transition period would give physicians and health care organizations adequate time to make needed changes to their models of care, such as install electronic medical records or change billing systems.

It would also enable CMS time to further evaluate the experiments currently underway to test accountable care organizations, patient-centered medical homes, and other alternative delivery and payment mechanisms. Yet, the Commission believes that the nation cannot wait until definitive results come in to activate these new payment and delivery models.

During this transition period, we should start implementing new payments models for the care of people with multiple chronic conditions, including behavioral health disorders. Use of fixed payments should also begin now for in-hospital procedures, such as heart attacks and joint replacements, and their follow-up. These are areas where significant potential exists now for cost savings and better quality.

Fixing Fee-For-Service

The Commission is fully aware that ACOs and bundled payments are not a panacea; many of these models still pay individual physicians on a fee-for-service basis. What we don’t want is old wine in new bottles — we need to ensure that the current skewed fee-for-service incentives aren’t incorporated into these new models.

That’s why the Commission makes a number of recommendations for immediate changes to the current fee-for-service system that will yield cost savings and improve patient care, including the following:

Include a component of quality or outcome-based performance reimbursement in all fee-for-service contracts.  UnitedHealthcare reports that the 250,000 physicians participating in its Premium Designation program — whose compensation depends in part on their meeting quality measures — have significantly lower complication rates for stent placement procedures and knee arthroscopic surgery, and have 14 percent lower costs, than specialists not in the program.  WellPoint has obtained similar results in its pilot programs.

Increase reimbursement for evaluation and management (E&M) services. The current fee-for-service system places a higher value on high-technology care than preventive measures.

For both Medicare and private insurers, annual updates should be increased for evaluation and management codes, which are currently undervalued. Updates for procedural diagnosis codes, which are generally overvalued and thus create incentives for overuse, should be frozen for a period of three years. During this time period, efforts should continue to improve the accuracy of relative values, which may result in some increases as well as some decreases in payments for specific services.

The undervalued evaluation and management services at issue are often those that provide preventive health and wellness care, address new or undiagnosed problems, and manage chronic illnesses. The current skewed physician payment system causes a number of problems, such as creating a disincentive to spend time with patients with complex chronic conditions; leading physicians to offer care for highly reimbursed procedures rather than lower-reimbursed cognitive care; and neglecting illness prevention and disease management. High reimbursement for procedures also subtly nudges specialists such as gastroenterologists and pulmonologists away from E&M services and toward doing procedures.

Moreover, physicians doing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures earn considerably more than physicians who mainly evaluate and manage patients — even those with multiple chronic conditions.  In 2011, a radiologist, on average, earned $315,000 a year, while a family doctor on average earned $158,000. This has led medical students — many of whom leave school heavily in debt — away from the E&M specialties and toward the higher paying procedural and imaging specialties.

While the discussion about reimbursement has generally focused on services performed by primary care physicians, the real issue is not one of relative payment of specialists versus primary care physicians but, rather, of payment for E&M services as contrasted with procedural services.  These include E&M services provided by, among others, cardiologists, endocrinologists, hematologists, infectious disease specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and rheumatologists.

Eliminate higher payment for facility-based services that can be performed in a lower-cost setting.  Recently, there has been a trend to reimburse medical services performed in outpatient facilities at a lower rate than those same services when provided in hospitals. For example, Medicare pays $450 for an echocardiogram done in a hospital and only $180 for the same procedure in a physician’s office. It makes no sense to pay extra for an in-hospital procedure that can be done more cheaply in an ambulatory facility.

Make payment mechanisms for physicians transparent so physicians are reimbursed roughly equally for equivalent services, regardless of market power. In recent years, the pace of hospital-system consolidation has accelerated. Because of their increased market share, large health care systems can negotiate higher reimbursement for services provided by their physicians than can physicians working independently or in smaller practices.  Large hospital systems are buying up independent practices, threatening the viability of independent physicians and raising the cost of health care.

This has led to a situation where private payers often pay different rates for the same physician services, depending on the market power of the physician group. Payments by private payers for medical services should be transparent to the public.

Abolish Medicare’s Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR). Simply stated, the SGR has not worked in practice and shows no prospect of ever working. The practice of setting expenditure targets one year and ignoring the consequences of exceeding them the next year makes no sense.  Moreover, setting a spending cap without addressing the underlying issues of the volume and price of services and health outcomes is a short-term answer. Since the SGR is based on the aggregate payment for physicians’ services by Medicare, there is no incentive for individual physicians to try to hold down costs, and those who do are, in effect, penalized.  It is the Tragedy of the Commons.

There is wide agreement that the SGR should be eliminated — a decision made easier by the fact that the Congressional Budget Office recently reduced the cost of doing so to $138 billion.  However, there is still little agreement on how to pay for it. We contend that the funds can be found entirely by reducing overutilization of medical services within Medicare.

A Time To Act

The chorus of voices that shouted loudly and repeatedly about the need to rein in health care costs should be commended. But those same voices should now unite around a solution. From where we sit it starts with moving away from stand-alone fee-for-service payment. The Commission’s recommendations put us on that path.

Bill Frist, a physician, is a former Republican senator from Tennessee and Senate majority leader, and Steven Schroeder is a professor of health and health care in the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. The two men co-chair the National Commission on Physician Payment Reform, which has issued a report providing recommendations aimed at controlling health spending by changing the way doctors are paid.

This article was originally featured in the Health Affairs blog http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2013/03/04/changing-the-way-physicians-are-paid-report-of-the-national-commission-on-physician-payment-reform/

Premium Support is the Only Way to Fix America’s Medicare Mess

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(The Week, March 27, 2012)

By Bill Frist, M.D.

To save Medicare — and rein in our national debt — we must transform the entitlement program into a defined-contribution system

Nothing is scarier than losing your health.

A close second, however, is getting sick and not being able to afford the care you need. For seniors, Medicare has been the entitlement program that for 47 years has dependably provided health security and peace of mind.

But today, demographics are shifting. Fewer workers are contributing to the pay-as-you-go system that by 2030 will cover double the number of beneficiaries it does now. Those reaching 65 this year, on average, will take out in services more than twice what they paid in over their lifetime. That is simply unsustainable. Medicare cannot last as currently configured.

Absent real changes, Medicare will be unable to meet the needs of seniors in the future.

And looming behind all this is our nation’s debt, skyrocketing on autopilot from $15 trillion today to $22 trillion in eight years. The higher the debt, the slower our economy grows, and the fewer jobs are created. Though a lot of people think Social Security is the culprit, it is not. As a percentage of GDP, it is our two government health programs, Medicare and Medicaid, which, left unchecked, will disproportionately balloon over the next 50 years.

For these reasons, the single most important reform that our next president must address is Medicare modernization.

Absent real changes, Medicare will be unable to meet the needs of seniors in the future.

This week marks the two-year anniversary of the President Obama’s health reform initiative. But that law did little to reform Medicare. Instead, it primarily addressed an entirely different issue, increasing access and expanding Medicaid so that one out of every four Americans will be on Medicaid in 36 months. Structurally, President Obama did not change Medicare at all.

If demographics, determined years in advance, define the impending bankruptcy of Medicare, why haven’t our elected leaders acted? Well, in fact, both President Clinton and President Obama, under mandates by Congress, appointed high-profile presidential commissions to address the issue of entitlement reform and Medicare modernization.

The irony is that both bipartisan commissions, one in 1998 and the other in 2010, demonstrated majority support for the exact same type of fundamental reform for Medicare, a plan that maximized security for our seniors, choice for the individual, and longterm sustainability of the program.

It’s called premium support. Here is how it would work:

When you become eligible for Medicare at 65, you choose a health plan from a menu of integrated private plans that all cover the basic benefit package provided under traditional Medicare today. They can vary in depth and scope of additional coverage. Or you can choose to keep traditional Medicare instead of choosing one of the more modern plans. It’s your choice. All the plans and the exchange system through which they are selected are regulated by the federal government to guarantee security, fairness, and accountability for the individual and a level playing field for the plans.

Your premium for the coverage will be paid partly by the government (known as a defined contribution or premium support). For example, hypothetically, this year the government might pay $8,000, and you pony up a supplementary sum — the total would depend on the additional benefits of the plan you selected. Your personal contribution would be means-tested, with more aggressive subsidies paid for those without resources to afford the basic coverage. The premium support level would be adjusted by income, geography, and health status. You would be able to afford it.

Is such a transformation of Medicare risky? Not really.

The government has a whole lot of experience successfully managing such an exchange, transparently ensuring its equity and value. It has been doing so with the FEHBP (Federal Employees Health Benefit Plan) for the past 52 years. This system has insured all federal employees, currently covering 9 million people, including me when I was a senator — making it the largest employer-sponsored group health insurance program in the world.

The advantages of premium support are many.

Each senior is empowered with a choice of comprehensive plans, similar to what each member of Congress enjoys. Plans can rapidly adopt improved innovations in benefits and coverage rather than wait years for Washington to pass another law. And increased price transparency demanded by active consumers interested in making a value-based choice of plans will empower 50 million Americans to powerfully participate in reducing waste, continually squeezing the fat out of the system.

Premium support would reduce total spending by stimulating price competition among plans (just as has been observed with the Medicare prescription drug coverage structure created in 2003). Beneficiaries become more cost conscious in choosing a plan that best suits their needs.

No longer would doctor and hospital reimbursement be determined by Washington-based price fixing (and arbitrary, blunt, across-the-board cuts) but rather, by value to beneficiaries. No longer will federal centralized pricing of 155,000 service codes based on episodic and unpredictable review be necessary. A side benefit would be a reduction in the costly and distorting power of lobbyists and Washington-based special interests who thrive on managing this centralized price setting to their advantage.

Premium support makes Medicare sustainable longterm, and goes a long way toward reversing the debt and entitlement problems that threaten America’s future.

And what are the naysayers worried about? First, they say providing seniors with more choice is just too confusing. But seniors can keep what they have in traditional Medicare if they want. Second, they argue premium support simply shifts costs and does nothing to reduce the overall price of care. But aligning reimbursement with value and quality rather than quantity will minimize this shift.

The premium support concept is neither novel nor new. Initially proposed in a bipartisan spirit by two congressmen in 1983, endorsed by two prominent health policy economists in 1994, supported by a majority of both of the last two presidential commissions, and more recently proposed by members of both political parties in Congress, premium support is the leading solution to achieve Medicare modernization for seniors and fiscal solvency for our country.

Dr. William H. Frist is a nationally acclaimed heart transplant surgeon, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, the chairman of Hope Through Healing Hands and Tennessee SCORE, professor of surgery, and author of six books.

 

This article was originally featured in The Week http://theweek.com/article/index/226065/premium-support-is-the-only-way-to-fix-americas-medicare-mess

How the Supreme Court’s ‘ObamaCare’ ruling will affect you

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(The Week, March 13, 2012)

By Bill Frist, M.D.

The nation’s highest court is about to judge the president’s signature legislative achievement — and it’s not just politicians who are invested in the outcome.

Is the new health care law constitutional? You might think it doesn’t matter — or at least, that it doesn’t matter to you. But the fact is, the Supreme Court’s decision on President Obama’s Affordable Care Act (ACA) will almost certainly affect you directly.

How, exactly? For one thing, the court’s decision could play a key role in determining our next president and possibly your next congressman. If you are poor, the ruling may decide whether or not you have coverage. If you are not poor, it will impact how much you pay for health care. If you own a small business, it might determine if you must purchase health insurance for your employees. And if you work for a large business, it may determine whether you still receive your insurance from your employer. If you’re a doctor, it will likely affect your reimbursement. If you’re a patient, it will determine your benefits.

On March 26, 27, and 28, the Supreme Court will hear extensive oral arguments on the constitutionality of the ACA. This is the culmination of 26 states filing suits in federal district courts and opinions from seven federal appellate courts. A final written opinion likely will be delivered in June, 18 months before the individual mandate kicks in and just five months before the presidential election.

If the individual mandate is ultimately deemed constitutional, then for the first time in our history, you will have to purchase a product to live in America.

The ACA is a highly charged law that, according to the latestRealClearPoliticsaverage, is viewed unfavorably by half of Americans. The law essentially does two massive, controversial things: (1) Mandates that individuals purchase health insurance coverage, and (2) expands Medicaid by 16 million enrollees. This expansion means almost one in four Americans will be on Medicaid, the government program originally intended for our poorest citizens. If you don’t purchase insurance, you will pay a fine of $695 per adult and $347 per child.

Together, these provisions will reduce the uninsured by 32 million, but will still leave an estimated 23 million individuals uninsured in 2020.

The focus of the Supreme Court opinion will be on the constitutionality of these two issues, though two additional items will also be considered. One is whether the entire law falls if a part of it, such as the mandate, is ruled unconstitutional, and the other is whether the court has jurisdiction to rule at all now, since the law has yet to go fully into effect.

There is already plenty of discussion on the legal merits of the case, particularly as it regards the taxing power and the Commerce Clause. But what are the very real implications of the upcoming ruling? Here is what to look for:

1. If the court upholds the individual mandate, it will take effect 18 months later — unless Congress acts to repeal or postpone it (which won’t happen as long as Obama is in the White House). If the individual mandate is ultimately deemed constitutional, then for the first time in our history, you will have to purchase a product to live in America.

2. If the individual mandate is ruled unconstitutional, the court will then decide whether to let the rest of the law stand, including the expansion of Medicaid and the largely popular individual insurance reforms. If the rest is left intact, the Congressional Budget Office projects that 16 million of the 32 million Americans expected to gain insurance under the law would be ineligible for the new coverage and that non-group, individual premiums might increase 15 to 20 percent. It would then be up to each state to decide whether or not to adopt the individual mandate.

3. If the court decides that the Medicaid expansion is constitutional, it will take effect in 2014 — unless Congress acts to postpone, repeal, or not fund it. But if the expansion is left intact, with almost a quarter of all Americans covered by Medicaid, the program would grow to include a portion of the middle class.

4. If Medicaid expansion is overruled, coverage will remain at current, varying state levels, and an estimated 16 million low-income individuals will not be able to take advantage of the new Medicaid coverage that would have begun in 2014.

5. Politically, if the new law is judged constitutional, Democrats will celebrate the judicial affirmation of the spirit and substance of the historic reform, illustrating President Obama’s leadership. Republicans would fan the existing flames of unpopularity among the majority of Americans, citing federal government overreach, rallying around an election call for repeal as they did in 2010. If any part is unconstitutional, the bases of both parties will be emboldened to make health reform the defining issue, after the economy, in the elections in November.

This one is worth following. It will be a game-changer. And not just for the politicians and pundits in Washington. It’s a game-changer for you, too.

 

Dr. William H. Frist is a nationally acclaimed heart transplant surgeon, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, the chairman of Hope Through Healing Hands and Tennessee SCORE, professor of surgery, and author of six books. Learn more about his work at BillFrist.com.

 

This article was originally featured in The Week http://theweek.com/article/index/225477/how-the-supreme-courts-obamacare-ruling-will-affect-you